Sentiment Analysis
Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology
INFOTEC
Who / Where
INGEOTEC
GitHub: https://github.com/INGEOTEC
WebPage: https://ingeotec.github.io/
Aguascalientes, México
Introduction
Text Classification
Definition
The aim is the classification of documents into a fixed number of predefined categories.
Polarity
El día de mañana no podré ir con ustedes a la librería
Negative
Text Classification Tasks
Polarity
Positive, Negative, Neutral
Emotion (Multiclass)
- Anger, Joy, …
- Intensity of an emotion
Event (Binary)
- Violent
- Crime
Profiling
Gender
Man, Woman, Nonbinary, …
Age
Child, Teen, Adult
Language Variety
- Spanish: Spain, Cuba, Argentine, México, …
- English: United States, England, …
Approach
Machine Learning
Definition
Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on the development and implementation of algorithms capable of learning from data without being explicitly programmed.
Types of ML algorithms
- Unsupervised Learning
- Supervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning (Multiclass)
Supervised Learning (Binary)
Supervised Learning (Classification)
Decision function
\(g(\mathbf x) = -0.78 x_1 + 0.60 x_2 + -0.88\)
Supervised Learning (Geometry)
Decision function
\(g(\mathbf x) = -0.78 x_1 + 0.60 x_2 + -0.88\)
Supervised Learning (Geometry 2)
\(w_0\)
- \(w_0 = -0.88\)
- \(w_0 = 0.88\)
Supervised Learning (Geometry 3)
Decision function
- \(g_{svm}(\mathbf x) = -0.78 x_1 + 0.60 x_2 + -0.88\)
- \(g_{lr}(\mathbf x) = -2.58 x_1 + 0.84 x_2 + -3.06\)
Starting point
Training set
| text | klass | |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Hace 1 hora la policia estaba persiguiendo a u... | 0 |
| 1 | Detenidos un hombre y a un menor de edad por r... | 1 |
| 2 | Gobernador la cava ud será el responsable de l... | 0 |
| 3 | Intento de Golpe de Estado en Turquía dejó 161... | 1 |
| 4 | Ni el café me deja tomarlo tranquilo y tumbadi... | 0 |
| 5 | Tres guardias civiles rescatan a una mujer que... | 1 |
| 6 | @jgarciaruminot @jacoloma Honorables Senadores... | 0 |
| 7 | “Siete personas detenidas”: Asesinaron de múlt... | 1 |
Quiz
Question
Which of the following tasks does the previous training set belong to?
- Polarity
- Emotion identification
- Aggressive detection
- Profiling
Training set (2)
Problem
The independent variables are texts
Solution
- Represent the texts in an suitable format for the classifier
- Token as a vector
- Sparse vector
- Dense vector
- Utterance as a vector
- Token as a vector
Text Representation
Token as Vector
Token as vector
- The idea is that each token \(t\) is associate to a vector \(\mathbf v_t \in \mathbb R^d\)
- Let \(\mathcal V\) represent the set composed by the different tokens
- \(d\) corresponds to the dimension of the vector
\(d << \lvert \mathcal V \rvert\) (Dense Vector)
- GloVe
- Word2vec
- fastText
Token as Vector (2)
\(d = \lvert \mathcal V \rvert\) (Sparse Vector)
- \(\forall_{i \neq j} \mathbf v_i \cdot \mathbf v_j = 0\)
- \(\mathbf v_i \in \mathbb R^d\)
- \(\mathbf v_j \in \mathbb R^d\)
Algorithm
- Sort the vocabulary \(\mathcal V\)
- Associate \(i\)-th token to
- \((\ldots, 0, \overbrace{\beta_i}^i, 0, \ldots)^\intercal\)
- where \(\beta_i > 0\)
Utterance as Vector
Procedure
\[\mathbf x = \sum_{t \in \mathcal U} \mathbf{v}_t\]
- where \(\mathcal{U}\) corresponds to all the tokens of the utterance
- The vector \(\mathbf{v}_t\) is associated to token \(t\)
Unit Vector
\[\mathbf x = \frac{\sum_{t \in \mathcal U} \mathbf v_t}{\lVert \sum_{t \in \mathcal U} \mathbf v_t \rVert} \]
Tokens
flowchart LR
Entrada([Text]) --> Norm[Text Normalizer]
Norm --> Seg[Tokenizer]
Seg --> Terminos(...)
Text Normalization
Tokenizer
Common Types
- Words
- n-grams (Words)
- q-grams (Characters)
- skip-grams
Tokenizer (2)
\(\mu\)-TC
\(\mu\)-TC (2)
Training set
from EvoMSA.utils import Download
from microtc.utils import tweet_iterator
from os.path import isdir, isfile
import pandas as pd
from random import shuffle
URL = 'https://github.com/INGEOTEC/Delitos/releases/download/Datos/delitos.zip'
if not isfile('delitos.zip'):
Download(URL,
'delitos.zip')
if not isdir('delitos'):
!unzip -Pingeotec delitos.zipUtterance as Vector
Utterance as Vector (2)
Term Frequency - IDF
text = training_set[3]['text']
tokens = tm.tokenize(text)
vector = []
for token, tf in zip(*np.unique(tokens, return_counts=True)):
if token not in token2id:
continue
vector.append((token2id[token], tf * token2beta[token]))
vector[:4][(62, 7.906890595608518),
(59, 5.8479969065549495),
(35, 1.3219280948873617),
(38, 2.5224042154522373)]Utterance as Vector (3)
Quiz
Question
Which of the following representations do you consider to produce a larger vocabulary?
Text Classification
Procedure
Performance
from sklearn.model_selection import KFold
from sklearn.metrics import recall_score
kfold = KFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state=1)
perf = []
for tr, vs in kfold.split(training_set):
train = [training_set[i] for i in tr]
val = [training_set[i] for i in vs]
tm = TextModel(token_list=[-1], num_option=OPTION_NONE,
usr_option=OPTION_DELETE, url_option=OPTION_DELETE,
emo_option=OPTION_NONE, lc=True, del_dup=False,
del_punc=True, del_diac=True).fit(train)
labels = [x['klass'] for x in train]
m = LinearSVC(dual='auto').fit(tm.transform(train), labels)
hy = m.predict(tm.transform(val))
_ = recall_score([x['klass'] for x in val], hy, average='macro')
perf.append(_)
np.mean(perf)0.8235285558223533Conclusions
- Describe a supervised learning approach to tackle text classifications.
- Explain the geometry of linear classifiers.
- Use a procedure to represent a text as a vector.
- Measure the performance of a text classifier.
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